Category: Database

Database, SQL | PLSQL

Oracle: Create Disabled Triggers

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Hey,
I believe you may know about this already, but in case its something new to you: Yes, this is possible since 11g!

Prior to 11g, it was only possible to create triggers in the enabled state, and after creating to disable them. Since 11g they can be explicitly enabled or disabled at creation time using clause ENABLE or DISABLE. As per example:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER disabled_trigger
BEFORE INSERT ON table_example
FOR EACH ROW
DISABLE
BEGIN NULL; END;
/

If didn’t know it yet. Np! You know it now! 😀

Cheers!

Database

Oracle Invisible indexes

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Hi All!
I was reviewing some features in Oracle and, basically, every single time I review them I find something new. Seems Oracle Databases’ features are near to infinite and we frequently find some that can really add value to our solutions.

So here is an 11g feature that is actually when known and I really like to use  when considering to remove indexes on clients or even “testing” a creation in production. How does that work?

Invisible indexes

Oracle 11g allows indexes to be marked as invisible. Invisible indexes are maintained like any other index, but they are ignored by the optimizer unless the OPTIMIZER_USE_INVISIBLE_INDEXES parameter is set to TRUE at the instance or session level. Indexes can be created as invisible by using the INVISIBLE keyword, and their visibility can be toggled using the ALTER INDEX command. Examples of those commands are listed below:

CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name(column_name) INVISIBLE;
ALTER INDEX index_name INVISIBLE;
ALTER INDEX index_name VISIBLE;

Cheers!

Database, Performance, SQL | PLSQL

Oracle SQL Join Factorization Transformation (JFT)

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Hi All!
Following the line of last week post, let’s talk today about the JFT…

Oracle SQL Join Factorization Transformation (JFT)

The UNION operator is great for merging the results of multiple queries that return similar rowsets, essentially executing each query separately and merging the results together into a single result set. Oracle 11g release 2 come with improvements for SQL optimizer on how Oracle handles UNION ALL performance with the new join factorization transformation (JFT). The Join Factorization Transformation applies only to UNION ALL queries.

The following example show how the optimizer improves the performance of UNION ALL by dynamically re-writing a UNION ALL query into a more efficient form using an in-line view:

Original Query: 

select t1.c1, t2.c2     
    from t1, t2, t3     
    where t1.c1 = t2.c1 and t1.c1 > 1 and t2.c2 = 2 and t2.c2 = t3.c2    
union all     
    select t1.c1, t2.c2     
    from t1, t2, t4     
    where t1.c1 = t2.c1 and t1.c1 > 1 and t2.c3 = t4.c3;

Re-Written Query:

select t1.c1, VW_JF_1.item_2
     from t1, (select t2.c1 item_1, t2.c2 item_2
                    from t2, t3
                    where t2.c2 = t3.c2 and t2.c2 = 2
               union all
                    select t2.c1 item_1, t2.c2 item_2
                    from t2, t4
                    where t2.c3 = t4.c3) VW_JF_1
     where t1.c1 = VW_JF_1.item_1 and t1.c1 > 1;

Nice, right?
Cheers!

Database, Performance, RAC | Data Guard, SQL | PLSQL

Oracle: “Invisible” Locks!

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Have you ever heard:
“My session was killed. I’m trying again. There is no locks. But My SQL doesn’t run!”

By default, when a session is disconnected from Oracle, the SQLs uncommitted are undone (rollback). So, in case of a long routing there is a probably a rollback in place.

How Oracle rollback take that long? Well, it’s Oracle mechanism. The RDBMS basically assume you know what your are doing and start writing the new blocks so the commit will be very quick. Which, however, is bad in case of rollbacks.

How to check if this is your case?

select ktuxeusn, to_char(sysdate,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') "Time", ktuxesiz, ktuxesta
from x$ktuxe
where ktuxecfl = 'DEAD'
4 /

KTUXEUSN Time KTUXESIZ KTUXESTA
---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------------
31 07-APR-2018 16:48:53 17705 ACTIVE
48 07-APR-2018 16:48:53 108856 ACTIVE

Hm.. What can I do? Not much really, we need to wait the rollback to complete.
One thing that can be done to increase the rollback is changing the fast_start_parallel_rollback parameter, as per:

SQL> show parameters roll

NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
fast_start_parallel_rollback string LOW
rollback_segments string
transactions_per_rollback_segment integer 5
SQL> alter system set fast_start_parallel_rollback=HIGH;

System altered.

Hope it helps!
Cheers!

Cloud Services, Cloud Services | Exadata | Linux, Security

AWS EC2: Grant Privileges to SYS Objects

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Hello all!
So quick one today: How to grant and revoke privileges from/to SYS objects on EC2 instances? Do we have the ‘grant option’ for those grants?

Easy, have a look:

# Grant

begin
    rdsadmin.rdsadmin_util.grant_sys_object(
        p_obj_name  => 'V_$SESSION',
        p_grantee   => 'GREPORA',
        p_privilege => 'SELECT');
end;
/

# Grant with Grant Option

begin
    rdsadmin.rdsadmin_util.grant_sys_object(
        p_obj_name     => 'V_$SESSION',
        p_grantee      => 'GREPORA',
        p_privilege    => 'SELECT',
        p_grant_option => true);
end;
/

# Revoke

begin
    rdsadmin.rdsadmin_util.revoke_sys_object(
        p_obj_name  => 'V_$SESSION',
        p_revokee   => 'GREPORA',
        p_privilege => 'SELECT');
end;
/
Database, Performance

11g SQL transformations (CBQT, CNT, JE, JPPD)

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Hi All!
Let’s save some time to review those?
They usually very important when analysing query performance, specially on 10046 traces. I separated those were included on 11g, to have it as subset. Here it goes:

New 11g SQL transformations (CBQT, CNT, JE, JPPD)

The Oracle cost-based optimizer CBO is constantly being improved in its ability to re-write and transform sub-optimal SQL queries. In general way, CBO work by replacing operations by equivalent optimal when possible, changing clauses or re-grouping to take advantage on in indexes, eliminating subqueries by replacing with joins and not null tests and similar. In 11g new SQL transformations were implemented looking to continue improving this process. They are:

  • Cost-Based Query Transformation (CBQT): This is one of the core mechanisms in CBO, that tries different transformed and untransformed variants of the query and runs them through the costing algorithm. Improvements were done in 11g, specially related to clauses NOT IN into NOT EXISTS.
  • Count Transformation (CNT): If all rows have a value on this column (not null), Oracle CBO can simply count the number of rows. There is no need to actually retrieve the column value. This transformation changes count(col) to count(*).
  • Join Elimination (JE): Join elimination is a query transformation of the Oracle optimizer to remove joins that are not required in a query. Released on 10g, Join Elimination got several improvements and new mechanisms in 11g and even more in 12c.
  • Join Predicate PushDown (JPPD): Allows a view to be joined with index-based nested-loop join method, which may provide a more optimal alternative. The following types of views supports predicate pushdown: UNION ALL/UNION view, Outer-joined view, Anti-joined view, Semi-joined view, DISTINCT view and GROUP-BY view.

Nice?

Hope you enjoy it!

Database, Errors and Bugs, RAC | Data Guard

DG Broker ORA-16766: Redo Apply is stopped after a Database Restart

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So, the other day I was engaged to check a dataguard, while checking its status with the dg broker I found this error

Error: ORA-16766: Redo Apply is stopped

Checking for it on dg broker:

DGMGRL> show configuration verbose

Configuration - DGCONFIG

Protection Mode: MaxPerformance
Databases:
PRIMARY - Primary database
STANDBY - Physical standby database
Error: ORA-16766: Redo Apply is stopped

Properties:
FastStartFailoverThreshold = '30'
OperationTimeout = '30'
FastStartFailoverLagLimit = '30'
CommunicationTimeout = '180'
ObserverReconnect = '0'
FastStartFailoverAutoReinstate = 'TRUE'
FastStartFailoverPmyShutdown = 'TRUE'
BystandersFollowRoleChange = 'ALL'
ObserverOverride = 'FALSE'
ExternalDestination1 = ''
ExternalDestination2 = ''
PrimaryLostWriteAction = 'CONTINUE'

Fast-Start Failover: DISABLED

Configuration Status:
ERROR

GMGRL> show database verbose STANDBY

Database - STANDBY

Enterprise Manager Name: STANDBY
Role: PHYSICAL STANDBY
Intended State: APPLY-ON
Transport Lag: 0 seconds (computed 3 seconds ago)
Apply Lag: 1 hour(s) 50 minutes 6 seconds (computed 0 seconds ago)
Apply Rate: 828.00 KByte/s
Real Time Query: OFF
Instance(s):
STANDBY

Database Error(s):
ORA-16766: Redo Apply is stopped

Properties:
DGConnectIdentifier = 'STANDBY'
ObserverConnectIdentifier = ''
LogXptMode = 'ASYNC'
DelayMins = '0'
Binding = 'optional'
MaxFailure = '0'
MaxConnections = '1'
ReopenSecs = '300'
NetTimeout = '30'
RedoCompression = 'DISABLE'
LogShipping = 'ON'
PreferredApplyInstance = ''
ApplyInstanceTimeout = '0'
ApplyParallel = 'AUTO'
StandbyFileManagement = 'AUTO'
ArchiveLagTarget = '900'
LogArchiveMaxProcesses = '4'
LogArchiveMinSucceedDest = '1'
DbFileNameConvert = ''
LogFileNameConvert = ''
FastStartFailoverTarget = ''
InconsistentProperties = '(monitor)'
InconsistentLogXptProps = '(monitor)'
SendQEntries = '(monitor)'
LogXptStatus = '(monitor)'
RecvQEntries = '(monitor)'
ApplyLagThreshold = '0'
TransportLagThreshold = '0'
TransportDisconnectedThreshold = '30'
SidName = 'STANDBY'
StaticConnectIdentifier = '(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=SB_SERVER)(PORT=1521))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=STANDBY_DGMGRL)(INSTANCE_NAME=STANDBY)(SERVER=DEDICATED)))'
StandbyArchiveLocation = 'USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST'
AlternateLocation = ''
LogArchiveTrace = '0'
LogArchiveFormat = 'STANDBY_%r_%t_%s.arc'
TopWaitEvents = '(monitor)'

Database Status:
ERROR

The standby state was APPLY-ON but when checked the standby if the MRP process was running I found none!

sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Jan 4 17:05:12 2019

Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP, Data Mining
and Real Application Testing options

17:05:12 SYS@STANDBY AS SYSDBA> SELECT PROCESS, STATUS FROM v$managed_standby;

PROCESS STATUS
--------- ------------
ARCH CLOSING
ARCH CLOSING
ARCH CLOSING
ARCH CLOSING
RFS IDLE
RFS IDLE
RFS IDLE
RFS WRITING

8 rows selected.

Elapsed: 00:00:00.01

Checking further I found that the database was bounced while the MRP was running and that was the only explanation that I could see to see a difference between the dg broker also I could not find any error in the dg broker log $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/log/drc*.log

After setting the state to apply-off and them to apply-on the issue was resolved.

DGMGRL> edit database STANDBY set state='apply-off';
Succeeded.
DGMGRL> edit database STANDBY set state='apply-on';
Succeeded.
DGMGRL> show database verbose STANDBY;

Database - STANDBY

Enterprise Manager Name: STANDBY
Role: PHYSICAL STANDBY
Intended State: APPLY-ON
Transport Lag: 0 seconds (computed 1 second ago)
Apply Lag: 0 seconds (computed 1 second ago)
Apply Rate: 0 Byte/s
Real Time Query: OFF
Instance(s):
STANDBY

Properties:
DGConnectIdentifier = 'STANDBY'
ObserverConnectIdentifier = ''
LogXptMode = 'ASYNC'
DelayMins = '0'
Binding = 'optional'
MaxFailure = '0'
MaxConnections = '1'
ReopenSecs = '300'
NetTimeout = '30'
RedoCompression = 'DISABLE'
LogShipping = 'ON'
PreferredApplyInstance = ''
ApplyInstanceTimeout = '0'
ApplyParallel = 'AUTO'
StandbyFileManagement = 'AUTO'
ArchiveLagTarget = '900'
LogArchiveMaxProcesses = '4'
LogArchiveMinSucceedDest = '1'
DbFileNameConvert = ''
LogFileNameConvert = ''
FastStartFailoverTarget = ''
InconsistentProperties = '(monitor)'
InconsistentLogXptProps = '(monitor)'
SendQEntries = '(monitor)'
LogXptStatus = '(monitor)'
RecvQEntries = '(monitor)'
ApplyLagThreshold = '0'
TransportLagThreshold = '0'
TransportDisconnectedThreshold = '30'
SidName = 'STANDBY'
StaticConnectIdentifier = '(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=SB_SERVER)(PORT=1521))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=STANDBY_DGMGRL)(INSTANCE_NAME=STANDBY)(SERVER=DEDICATED)))'
StandbyArchiveLocation = 'USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST'
AlternateLocation = ''
LogArchiveTrace = '0'
LogArchiveFormat = 'STANDBY_%r_%t_%s.arc'
TopWaitEvents = '(monitor)'

Database Status:
SUCCESS

DGMGRL> show configuration

Configuration - DGCONFIG

Protection Mode: MaxPerformance
Databases:
PRIMARY - Primary database
STANDBY - Physical standby database

Fast-Start Failover: DISABLED

Configuration Status:
SUCCESS

DGMGRL> exit

sqlplus / as sysdba
17:17:54 SYS@STANDBY AS SYSDBA> SELECT PROCESS, STATUS FROM v$managed_standby;

PROCESS STATUS
--------- ------------
ARCH CLOSING
ARCH CLOSING
ARCH CLOSING
ARCH CLOSING
RFS IDLE
RFS IDLE
RFS IDLE
RFS IDLE
MRP0 APPLYING_LOG

9 rows selected.

Elapsed: 00:00:00.00

Hope it helps, unti the next one.

Elisson Almeida

 

Database, Linux, Shell Scripts

Oracle memory usage on Linux / Unix

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Hi all,

So one of the most important things that we need to do when setting up a new server or checking the capacity of the server is to see how much memory Oracle is using.

When checking the capacity there are some practical things that always help me to get a fast glimpse of the system:

  • When opening topas and hitting M you will see this below
Topas Monitor for host: SERVER1 Interval: 2 Sat Dec 8 03:39:59 2019
================================================================================
REF1 SRAD TOTALMEM INUSE FREE FILECACHE HOMETHRDS CPUS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 0 59.8G 59.6G 212.3 16.3G 528 0-15
1 1 61.4G 61.2G 188.8 15.7G 536 16-31

On the memory session you will see 3 categories, INUSE, FREE and FILECACHE. There you may see what is being using for what but there is not much granularity there.

  • When using top you have this summary below
top - 11:48:08 up 119 days, 10:18, 1 user, load average: 26.76, 26.16, 25.95
Tasks: 1936 total, 38 running, 1898 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 79.3%us, 1.1%sy, 0.0%ni, 15.1%id, 4.3%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 263750172k total, 219075656k used, 44674516k free, 797476k buffers
Swap: 16773116k total, 505760k used, 16267356k free, 88055108k cached

Same you have a high level usage. So here comes the question:

How are you to prove that you have a memory shortage?

I often use vmstat on Linux looking on the columns si and so equals to 0 (swap in and swap out) and when the free command, the free column you will also have no or very low swap being used

/home/oracle> vmstat 1
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
15 3 505760 44896608 797480 88062288 0 0 7037 1304 0 0 29 2 61 8 0
16 1 505760 44922964 797480 88062320 0 0 432272 144314 38784 31348 41 2 52 5 0
14 2 505760 44943072 797480 88062320 0 0 468904 155424 32676 27522 34 1 60 5 0
15 2 505760 44943032 797480 88062328 0 0 431032 144275 32596 27469 34 1 60 5 0
15 2 505760 44920136 797480 88062352 0 0 396232 145052 30772 26657 32 1 62 6 0
19 1 505760 44928576 797480 88062360 0 0 429360 160158 33640 28012 36 1 58 5 0
15 3 505760 44935340 797480 88062368 0 0 477232 161849 28393 21423 41 1 53 5 0
17 1 505760 44924744 797480 88062368 0 0 515265 160212 27478 20578 40 1 54 5 0
16 1 505760 44921596 797480 88062368 0 0 495408 159304 25458 19548 37 1 58 5 0
18 1 505760 44918144 797480 88062384 0 0 552880 168895 28203 22774 38 1 56 5 0
15 2 505760 44922344 797480 88062392 0 0 546920 160463 25321 19151 37 1 58 5 0
16 4 505760 44921544 797480 88062400 0 0 571544 153810 25429 20011 36 1 58 5 0
16 1 505760 44919620 797480 88062400 0 0 577552 160004 27132 20111 40 1 54 5 0
19 2 505760 44360240 797480 88062400 0 0 584969 155553 29467 22145 41 2 52 5 0
/home/oracle> free
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 263750172 219060896 44689276 91608 797480 88062464
-/+ buffers/cache: 130200952 133549220
Swap: 16773116 505760 16267356

To check a process specific memory usage (RSS) I often use ps along with other commands to calculate the process memory for a specific process id as below:

/home/oracle> ps -eo rss,pid,euser,lstart,args:100 --sort %mem | grep -v grep | grep 35796 | awk '{printf $1/1024 "MB"; $1=""; print }'| sort
19.6016MB 35796 oracle Sat Sep 8 02:43:54 2018 ora_lg00_ORC1
34.957MB 32340 oracle Sat Jan 5 11:50:09 2019 oracleORC1 (LOCAL=NO)

RSS is resident memory, but when comes to shared memory like the Oracle SGA the methods above could be miss leading – not to say wrong – but as Oracle memory is shared we may see double counting on the results. I sometimes use pmap to check a process memory as well when available

/home/oracle> pmap 35796
35796: ora_lg00_ORC1
total 0K

But, still when checking a server wide scope, do you want to keep doing manual work and lots of math? I don’t think so. 🙂

That’s why when I came across SMEM made my life a lot easier. It is a python script which gives you a nice breakdown of the memory usage and without the miss leading double counting.

You can see the commands and processes and their memory:

[root@srv01 smem-1.4]# ./smem -trk | head
PID User Command Swap USS PSS RSS
4829 root /opt/stackdriver/collectd/s 444.0K 4.0G 4.0G 4.0G
5647 oracle asm_gen0_+ASM 50.1M 424.4M 425.0M 437.8M
16512 oracle rman software/product/11.2. 0 172.9M 173.7M 177.8M
85107 oracle ora_n001_db01 42.3M 147.8M 147.8M 185.8M
85103 oracle ora_n000_db01 42.4M 146.5M 146.6M 184.6M
85109 oracle ora_n002_db01 42.2M 145.6M 145.6M 183.5M
85111 oracle ora_n003_db01 42.1M 145.1M 145.2M 183.1M
7287 oracle ora_dia0_db01 1.6M 68.6M 68.8M 107.8M

As well the overall server per user:

root@srv01 smem-1.4]# ./smem -turk 
User Count Swap USS PSS RSS oracle 1358 4.8G 7.8G 8.0G 76.6G 
root 43 12.0M 4.1G 4.1G 4.2G user1 10 0 321.0M 328.0M 369.2M 
nobody 2 96.0K 2.1M 2.3M 6.0M user2 2 0 684.0K 1.7M 7.7M 
user4 2 0 632.0K 1.7M 7.9M user4 1 72.0K 536.0K 540.0K 2.1M 
ntp 1 424.0K 332.0K 368.0K 2.4M 
smmsp 1 1.3M 160.0K 298.0K 1.9M 
rpc 1 336.0K 68.0K 73.0K 1.7M 
rpcuser 1 808.0K 4.0K 16.0K 1.9M 
--------------------------------------------------- 
1422 4.8G 12.2G 12.5G 81.3G

Hope it helps, see you next time!

Database, Security, SQL | PLSQL

Oracle 11g / 12c identified by values – set an Oracle password to its current value without knowing the password

 ,

This post will be a quick one. I needed to set a Oracle password as it was about to expire but the client did not want to change the password itself.

The simplest way to get the encrypted password was:

select name, password from sys.user$ where name=‘USER’;

But after Oracle 11g/12c seems a better option for security ends to use DBMS_METADATA.get_ddl or select the spare4 column on sys.user$

select name, spare4 from sys.user$ where name=‘USER’;

or

set long 9999999
set longc 9999999
select dbms_metadata.get_ddl('USER','DBSNMP') from dual;

And how to set this password back to the user?

alter user [USER] identified by values '[encrypted password]';

 

Hope it helps!

Database, MySQL, Shell Scripts

MySQL: Sed for Scripts using “Show” from Command Line

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Hi all,
So, a pretty basics one today… But useful to have handy. How to script an output from  mysql -B -e?

Easy, by using SED. Ok, by replacements are always tricky considering the line braking and etc. So, here goes an example with show tables:

Original Output.

[root@greporasrv ~]# mysql sbtest -B -e 'show tables'
Tables_in_sbtest
sbtest1
sbtest10
sbtest2
sbtest3
sbtest4
sbtest5
sbtest6
sbtest7
sbtest8
sbtest9
Cool, now with all in one line:
[root@greporasrv ~]# mysql sbtest -B -e 'show tables'|sed ':a;N;$!ba;s/\n/ /g'
Tables_in_sbtest sbtest1 sbtest10 sbtest2 sbtest3 sbtest4 sbtest5 sbtest6 sbtest7 sbtest8 sbtest9

Great, so let’s put some useful code on it:

[root@greporasrv ~]# mysql sbtest -B -e 'show tables'|sed ':a;N;$!ba;s/\n/ engine=innodb; \n alter table /g'
Tables_in_sbtest engine=innodb;
alter table sbtest1 engine=innodb;
alter table sbtest10 engine=innodb;
alter table sbtest2 engine=innodb;
alter table sbtest3 engine=innodb;
alter table sbtest4 engine=innodb;
alter table sbtest5 engine=innodb;
alter table sbtest6 engine=innodb;
alter table sbtest7 engine=innodb;
alter table sbtest8 engine=innodb;
alter table sbtest9 engine=innodb;

Hope you can use for your needs.

Cheers!